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Biomedicine Update: What if we could create Synthetic DNA?

April 25, 2012

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Synthetic Genetic Polymers Capable of Heredity and Evolution is the title of a journal article appearing in the April 2012 issue of Science. The researchers reported the findings of a project in which they created synthetic DNA, called XNA. The X stands for “Xeno,” a term meaning “alien.”The XNA created exhibits all the characteristics of DNA and RNA including the ability to replicate.

It is this capability that represents the significant breakthrough in this research. Scientists have been experimenting with synthetic DNA molecules for more than a decade. But in the research led by Philipp Holliger and Vitor Pinheiro, at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom, the research team was able to create synthetic DNA capable of duplicating allowing it to evolve. To achieve this the research team created six special polymerases that synthesized XNA from DNA and then copied the XNA back into DNA.

Artificially created XNA strands replicate with a high degree of accuracy similarly to DNA and RNA. This accuracy leads to the question in our search for exobiology should we be limiting ourselves to looking for DNA and RNA alone? Source: io9.com

This is the essence of how evolution works. As DNA and RNA molecules replicate small errors over time appear. These errors alter the genetic code that underlies life here on Earth.

With XNA able to evolve through replication researchers can begin to understand how life started. The fact that XNA can do what DNA and RNA do suggests that there may have been other life creating molecular systems that predated or competed with them. Imagine life starting either here on Earth or somewhere in the Cosmos with competing forms of self-replicating molecular structures duking it out for supremacy. Here on Earth DNA and RNA were the winners. Could there be an XNA elsewhere leading to entirely different life forms? The research suggests the evidence is there.

Short of potentially creating life from exotic biology is there a practical value to the research? By developing XNA medical researchers can begin to explore ways to use it in therapeutic medicine, particularly in the development of nucleic acid treatments with modified DNA sequences that are self sustaining to target diseases. Current research in this area has been unable to create molecular-based treatments because the natural occurring DNA and RNA molecules breakdown before reaching therapeutic targets. The work on XNA should allow biomedical researchers to develop new anti-angiogenic medicines. Currently there is only one and it is used to treat macular degeneration.